{"id":11752,"date":"2026-04-03T19:31:23","date_gmt":"2026-04-03T18:31:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/salomons.coach\/?p=11752"},"modified":"2026-04-04T20:02:29","modified_gmt":"2026-04-04T19:02:29","slug":"globe-studie-intercultureel-leiderschap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/salomons.coach\/nl\/globe-study-cross-cultural-leadership\/","title":{"rendered":"Het GLOBE Onderzoek: Het Kader Dat Vraagt Welk Leiderschap Echt Werkt \u2014 En Waar"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Van Jan Salomons \u00b7 Salomons.Coach<\/em><\/p>\n<p>De meeste cross-culturele raamwerken vertellen je hoe culturen verschillen. De GLOBE Study vertelt je in wat voor soort leider elke cultuur daadwerkelijk bereid is te volgen.<\/p>\n<p>Dat is een andere en nuttigere vraag voor iedereen in een leidinggevende functie.<\/p>\n<p>Ik heb meer dan twintig jaar gewerkt met leidinggevenden in Europa, het Midden-Oosten en Azi\u00eb. De kloof tussen het weten dat een cultuur \u201choog scoort op machtsafstand\u201d en weten wat dat betekent voor hoe je een vergadering voorzit, een beslissing escalleert of feedback geeft aan een direct leidinggevende \u2014 die kloof is waar de meeste interculturele kaders stranden. GLOBE verkleint deze aanzienlijk.<\/p>\n<h2>Wat is de GLOBE Studie?<\/h2>\n<p>De Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness studie \u2014 oftewel GLOBE \u2014 werd in 2004 gepubliceerd door Robert J. House en een team van 170 onderzoekers uit 62 landen. De studie omvatte meer dan 17.000 managers in drie sectoren: financi\u00eble dienstverlening, voedselverwerking en telecommunicatie. Het is, naar elke maatstaf gemeten, een van de meest ambitieuze cross-culturele onderzoeksprogramma's ooit ondernomen.<\/p>\n<p>Twee dingen maken GLOBE onderscheidend.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Eerst meet het zowel wat is als wat zou moeten zijn.<\/strong> Voor elke dimensie vroeg GLOBE respondenten om de huidige culturele praktijken van hun samenleving te beschrijven (<em>As Is<\/em>) en afzonderlijk om te beschrijven wat die praktijken idealiter <em>moeten<\/em> be. Dit onderscheid \u2014 tussen de cultuur waarin mensen daadwerkelijk leven en de cultuur waarin ze zouden willen leven \u2014 is analytisch krachtig en praktisch belangrijk.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ten tweede legt het een directe verband tussen culturele praktijken en leiderschapseffectiviteit.<\/strong> GLOBE bracht niet alleen culturele verschillen in kaart en liet leidinggevenden hun eigen conclusies trekken. Het vroeg respondenten specifiek welk leiderschapsgedrag zij als effectief en welk als ineffectief beschouwden.<\/p>\n<p>De GLOBE-studie identificeert negen maatschappelijke dimensies: Prestatieori\u00ebntatie, Assertiviteit, Toekomstori\u00ebntatie, Humane Ori\u00ebntatie, Institutioneel Collectivisme, In-Group Collectivisme, Onzekerheidsvermijding, Machtsafstand en Gendergelijkheid.<\/p>\n<h2>Waarom GLOBE Anders is Dan Hofstede<\/h2>\n<p>De gegevens van Hofstede zijn verzameld tussen 1967 en 1973, bij IBM-werknemers. Het is fundamenteel onderzoek en ik gebruik het omdat de landenkeuze onge\u00ebvenaard is en de dimensies goed gevalideerd zijn. Maar IBM-werknemers in de jaren zeventig waren geen dwarsdoorsnedepopulatie van sectoren en functies, en vijf decennia van sociale verandering betekenen dat sommige scores zijn verschoven.<\/p>\n<p>GLOBE werd uitgevoerd in de jaren negentig, in meerdere sectoren, en met expliciete aandacht voor leiderschapsgedrag. Het resultaat is een ander soort signaal.<\/p>\n<p><strong>De belangrijkste GLOBE-bijdrage voor leiders is In-Group Collectivism.<\/strong> Deze dimensie vangt iets specifieks: de mate waarin loyaliteit aan de directe groep \u2014 familie, organisatie, team \u2014 een kernsociale waarde is. Hoge scores voor In-Group Collectivism voorspellen dat investeringen in relaties v\u00f3\u00f3r professionele samenwerking geen voorkeur is, maar een structurele verwachting.<\/p>\n<p>Dit is de dynamiek die West-Europese leidinggevenden verrast in Chinese, Indiase en Midden-Oosterse contexten. Hofstede's IDV-dimensie vangt hier iets van. Maar GLOBE's In-Group Collectivism is een preciezer instrument voor de specifieke leiderschapsvraag: <em>hoeveel moet de relatie komen voor de taak?<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Assertiviteit is een andere dimensie die Hofstede op zijn best indirect behandelt.<\/strong> De GLOBE Assertiveness-dimensie meet de culturele norm rond directe, confronterende communicatie \u2014 en cruciaal, de <em>Huidige status \/ Gewenste situatie<\/em> ontdekking onthult iets contra-intu\u00eftiefs in veel culturen met een hoge mate van assertiviteit.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Onzekerheidsvermijding in GLOBE wordt ook anders gecodeerd dan bij Hofstede.<\/strong> Hofstede's UAI meet de emotionele behoefte aan regels en procedures. GLOBE's UA meet de feitelijke praktijk van het gebruik van normen en procedures om onzekerheid te managen. Het onderscheid is belangrijk: een cultuur kan een sterke emotionele voorkeur voor zekerheid hebben (Hofstede UAI hoog), maar weinig effectieve procedurele mechanismen hebben ontwikkeld om dit te bereiken.<\/p>\n<h2>GLOBE in de praktijk: Nederland \u00d7 China<\/h2>\n<p>Laat ik dit concreet maken met een koppeling waarmee ik regelmatig werk.<\/p>\n<p>Op Hofstede zijn de verschillen in de kop groots: IDV \u039460, MAS \u039452, PDI \u039442. Dit zijn extreme verschillen.<\/p>\n<p>GLOBE voegt een laag van precisie toe. Het In-Group Collectivism-verschil tussen China (5,04) en Nederland (4,11) is 0,93 op een schaal van 7 punten \u2013 een aanzienlijk signaal in een dataset waar de meeste verschillen tussen landen tussen 0,2 en 0,6 liggen. Het vertelt ons dat de Chinese professionele norm om diepe loyaliteit binnen de werkgroep op te bouwen voordat men de resultaten ervan vertrouwt, een van de meest meetbare verschillen in de dataset is.<\/p>\n<p>De discrepantie in onzekerheidsvermijding (China 5,80, Nederland 3,70, K2,10) is n\u00f3g groter. Nederlandse professionals voelen zich prettig bij ambigu\u00efteit en zien een te vroege procesgang vaak als bureaucratische overhead. Chinese professionals ervaren onopgeloste ambigu\u00efteit als een risico dat beheerd moet worden \u2014 door middel van documentatie, escalatieprotocollen en expliciete bevestiging van de reikwijdte.<\/p>\n<p>Voeg nu de Vlaamse Belgische gegevens toe. Belgi\u00eb scoort 4,69 op GLOBE UA. In een team met Nederlandse, Chinese en Vlaamse leden vertellen de GLOBE UA gegevens je dat je Vlaamse teamleden en je Chinese collega's een hogere tolerantie hebben voor procedurele structuur dan je Nederlandse collega's.<\/p>\n<h2>GLOBE en het Cross-Culturele Leiderschapscompas<\/h2>\n<p>Dit is precies de reden waarom ik GLOBE heb opgenomen in het Cross-Cultural Leadership Compass, naast Hofstede, de World Values Survey en Schwartz.<\/p>\n<p>Het tabblad Convergentie in het Kompas is waar dit het meest van belang is. Wanneer alle vier de frameworks onafhankelijk van elkaar dezelfde kloof tussen twee landen signaleren, kijk je naar een structureel verschil dat niet afhankelijk is van het framework of gevoelig voor artefacten. Het is echt. Het is vanuit vier verschillende methodologische invalshoeken gemeten en ze zijn het allemaal eens.<\/p>\n<p>De GLOB.<\/p>\n<h2>Drie leiderschapsvragen die GLOBE u helpt beantwoorden<\/h2>\n<p><strong>1. Wat verwacht deze cultuur eigenlijk van iemand in een autoritaire positie?<\/strong> De CLT-component van GLOBE identificeert welke leiderschapsarchetypen in elke samenleving als effectief worden beschouwd. In culturen met een hoge hi\u00ebrarchie, hoge collectieve loyaliteit binnen de groep, scoren de beschermende en autonome leiderschapsstijlen hoger. In culturen met een lage hi\u00ebrarchie, hoge prestatiegerichtheid, scoren de charismatische en participatieve stijlen hoger.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Waar zal mijn standaard leiderschapsstijl tot onvoorziene frictie leiden?<\/strong> Als je bent ontwikkeld als leider in een omgeving met lage machtsafstand en laag groepsindividualisme, omvat je standaardstijl vrijwel zeker directe feedback, platte communicatie en taakgebaseerd gezag. GLOBE-gegevens zullen je duidelijk laten zien welke markten, teams en belanghebbende groepen die stijl als koud, respectloos of politiek na\u00efef zullen ervaren.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Wat heeft mijn team eigenlijk van mij nodig \u2014 en is dat voor iedereen in de ruimte hetzelfde?<\/strong> Een gemengd team is niet \u00e9\u00e9n culturele context. Met GLOBE-gegevens kunt u op dimensieniveau zien waarin uw Nederlandse directielid en uw Vlaamse teamlid feitelijk verschillen - ook al delen ze een taal en werken ze in hetzelfde gebouw.<\/p>\n<h2>Waar te beginnen<\/h2>\n<p>De GLOBE-gegevens voor uw specifieke landpaar \u2014 naast Hofstede, WVS en Schwartz \u2014 zijn nu gratis beschikbaar in het Cross-Cultural Leadership Compass.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/salomons.coach\/nl\/crosscultureel-leiderschapscompas\/\"><strong>Gebruik het Cross-Cultureel Leiderschapscompas \u2192<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><em>Jan Salomons is een executive coach en leiderontwikkelaar gevestigd in Nederland, met meer dan 35 jaar ervaring in senior management, waaronder een decennium bij ASML. Het Cross-Cultural Leadership Compass integreert Hofstede, GLOBE, World Values Survey en Schwartz in \u00e9\u00e9n analytisch hulpmiddel voor leiders en coaches die grensoverschrijdend werken.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>House, R.J. et al. Cultuur, Leiderschap en Organisaties: De GLOBE Studie van 62 Samenlevingen. SAGE Publications, 2004.<\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>De meeste cross-culturele raamwerken vertellen je hoe culturen verschillen. De GLOBE Study \u2013 62 samenlevingen, 17.000 managers, twee decennia aan onderzoek \u2013 vertelt je welk soort leider elke cultuur daadwerkelijk bereid is te volgen. Dat is een andere vraag, en voor iedereen in een leidinggevende functie, een nuttigere.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":11711,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,545,195,192],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11752","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","category-download","category-organizations-culture","category-vuca-leadership"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 4.9.5.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Most cross-cultural frameworks tell you how cultures differ. 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